Relatively interrogative pronouns in Russian. Pronoun

Grammarians of the 18th-19th centuries.

A. A. Shakhmatov, Ozhegov’s dictionary

Academic grammars

Pronouns-nouns

Pronouns

Pronouns

Pronouns

Pronouns-nouns

Pronouns

Pronominal adjectives

Adjectives

Pronouns-adjectives

Adjective pronouns; possessive adjectives

Pronominal numerals

Numerals

Numerals

Approximate quantifiers, pronouns

Predicative pronouns

Pronouns, adverbs

Predicative pronouns

Negative existential pronoun

Pronominal adverbs

Pronominal adverbs

Adverbial pronouns

Interrogative-relative

Index fingers - near

Index fingers - distant

Universality

Essence

who (animate), what (inanimate)

this (obsolete, ironic and as part of phraseological units), this

Quality

which, which (of several possibilities), which (obsolete), what (predicative)

(as part of phraseological units), sort of (simple)

such, such (predicative)

here, here, there (phraseologist.)

everywhere, everywhere

Direction

everywhere, everywhere

Removal

from everywhere, from everywhere (architect. and poet.)

Modus operandi

this way (as part of phraseological units), this way (simple)

all sorts of things (phraseological, simple)

now, now

Quantity

only (simple and dial.)

not- (neg. predic.)

not- (undefined)

+ (no one)

+ (nothing)

some, ( outdated)

(dial)

- (rarely)

Singular

Plural

I (I) / -e (II)

Their (I) /-ex (II)

Im (I) / -em (II)

Im'i (I) / -em'i (II)

Their (I) / -ex (II)

Singular

Plural

me, me

by you, by you

by myself, by myself

Reflexive pronoun-noun myself does not distinguish persons and numbers and does not have the form of Him. case. Reflexive pronoun-adjective mine(which is also possessive) is declined like other possessive pronouns. From pronoun mine a pronominal adverb is formed in my own way.

In a sentence myself serves as an addition or circumstance:

Established by a group of experts who believe myself independent, the league is preparing to provide almost any type of service. [Pavel Kupriyanov. Client's lawyer // Computerworld, No. 25, 2004]

Moroccans in Europe can open a joint current account at a local branch for myself and for family members living in Morocco. [Migrant remittances are a factor in the innovative development of the global financial infrastructure // “Questions of Statistics”, No. 8, 2004]

Father walked along the paths of the garden, sighed and, if he didn’t see anyone near you, began to recite Seneca loudly. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. The Monkey Comes for His Skull, Part 1 (1943-1958)]

pronoun mine– definition in addition or circumstance:

The child received instructions: “Draw your family so that its members are busy with something." ["Questions of Psychology", No. 5, 2004]

Museum of the Monastery of St. Catherine is interesting not only because of his age(the monastery was founded back in the 11th century), but also by the way time flowed through it. [Alexey Mokrousov. Word to Larisa Miller (2002) // “Brownie”, 2002.08.04]

pronoun in my own way– circumstance:

Apparently he in my own way took these messages and continued to criticize the city administration. [Sergey Nikolaev. One explosion, two detentions (2003) // “Rich” (Saratov), ​​2003.10.16]

Reflexive pronouns act only in an anaphoric function, expressing coreference (i.e., referential identity) to the antecedent (i.e., the word to which the pronoun refers). Usually a reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the predicate to which it is subordinated. The antecedent to which the reflexive pronoun refers can be:

1. Grammatical subject, i.e. subject of the sentence:

Small business develops, feeds myself and creates jobs. [Denis Viktorov. The Wall (2003) // “Business Magazine”, 2003.10.23]

When the subject of the verb is in the passive voice (which does not express the original subject of the verb), the use of a reflexive pronoun requires additional conditions to be met. Acceptable uses are:

He was covered his an artisanal colonel's passion for war, and his rough ambition trembled with tension, and Getmanov urged him on, and he was afraid of his superiors. [Vasily Grossman. Life and Fate, Part 3 (1960)]

Uses like:

*Pushkin was exiled by the Tsar to his estate;

Wed, however:

Someone was sneezing on stage; sneezing was introduced by the author in my play as a "comic moment" or "element". [AND. S. Turgenev. Spring Waters (1872)]

Cannot be used myself (by myself) in the position of an agentive complement: * This barber was shaved by himself. Wed. The only clearly language-game-related violation of this rule in the Corpus is:

Have you thought well? Do you really want this? Well, since you are suffering so morally, I will disrupt the order... Darling, your son was killed yourself… [Oleg Pavlov. Karaganda destinies, or the Tale of the Last Days // “October”, No. 8, 2001]

2. the implied subject of the following syntactic constructions:

* participial phrase:

In the center of the winter tangle, even in severe frosts, the bees maintain a temperature of about 24-28 degrees, which even peasants who heat can envy them their huts with firewood. [Kirill Efremov. Reflections at the bookshelf: Escape from loneliness // “Knowledge is power”, 2003]

* separate definition:

Loyal to myself, as in other things, in military affairs Nekrasov did not consider himself a professional - remember Kerzhentsev’s night conversation with Farber on the banks of the Volga to the sounds of the “Fifth Symphony”. [Vladimir Potresov. Returns of Nekrasov (2004)]

* participial phrase:

Because my task was to see the true face of the one who wrote it - with his sincerity, with his conviction... And my task is to preserve it, as if erasing it myself… [“Brownie”, 2002.02.04]

*infinitive:

According to Art. 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights "...everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change my religion or belief and freedom to manifest my religion or belief, either individually or in community with others, in public or private, in teaching, worship and the performance of religious and ritual orders." ["Advocate", 2004.12.01]

3. implied subject of the predicate name:

Life begins for the sake of life. For some, it is living for knowledge and meaning. For others - for the sake of symbols. For some - for the sake of distinguishing today myself from myself yesterday. For others - for the sake of distinguishing themselves from others. [Vladislav Inozemtsev, Irina Pruss. Problems for us, our children and grandchildren // “Knowledge is power”, No. 9, 2003]

4. implied subject of a one-part sentence:

* imperative:

Please myself and your loved ones with a flower arrangement in an elegant vase. ["Dasha", No. 10, 2004]

* definitely personal:

And all our lives we will myself hold by the throat! [Vasily Shukshin. Cuckoo's Tears (1968)]

* indefinitely personal:

The clarity and simplicity of his language deserve special attention and praise in our time, when in some magazines even to myself in particular honor the obscurity, heaviness and curliness of the syllable, probably thinking that all this contributes to profundity. [F. M. Dostoevsky, Mister -bov and the question of art (1861)]

* generalized-personal:

As they say, to a foreign monastery with his they don’t interfere with the regulations. [Boris Grishchenko. Stranger in the Kremlin (2004)]

5. semantic subject, expressed by the addition of an abstract name in the genitive or instrumental case:

Poetry with its pink tears and the poet's tender pity for to myself... - poetry, I say, is in essence the most vivid negation of genuine suffering and burning compassion. [AND. F. Annensky. Second Book of Reflections (1909)]

Accordingly, psychological health is the result of an individual acquiring yourself and manifests itself in a feeling of authenticity of being. ["Questions of Psychology", 2004.12.14]

6. name of the figure:

Have you heard behind the grove the voice of the night singer of love, the singer his sadness? [A. S. Pushkin. Singer (1816)]

Rassadin manages to unravel the most complex and tight knot of relationships: the poet as a performer his poems - the actor as a student of the poet - the actor as an interpreter and “co-author” of the poet. [Mikhail Kozakov. Actor's book (1978-1995)]

Reflexivization, i.e. the use of a reflexive pronoun expressing coreference, if possible, is often obligatory. Yes, you can't say He poured water on him, if we are talking about the same person, we must use a reflexive pronoun: He doused himself with water. With first-person pronouns, reflexivization is less obligatory: I would like to introduce you to my wife.

The reflexive pronoun has more possibilities than the personal pronoun. This is seen in distributive (multiple-participant situations) and modal (conditional) contexts. See example (1) from and (2) from:

(1) a. Only I felt sorry for my dog ​​≠
b. Only I felt sorry for my dog.
(2) a. Even in such a situation, I would not be able to hit my wife ≠
b. Even in such a situation, I would not be able to hit my wife.

In (1a) noun phrase my dog denotes a specific animal, and in (1b) dogs are different for different people; noun phrase my wife in (2a) denotes a specific person, and his wife in (2b) can refer to different persons at different times (otherwise, in different possible worlds).

The reflexive pronoun is synonymous with the postfix - Xia in reflexive use, but with a significant degree of idiomatization: wash your face not the same as wash yourself.

Interrogative relative pronouns

Interrogative relative pronouns include noun pronouns who what, pronouns-adjectives what, what(in predicative use), which, whose, outdated which,pronominal adverbs how, where, where, where, why, why, from what, how much pronoun-numeral How many, predicative pronoun what does it feel like). Pronouns-nouns Who And What have, in addition to a constant sign of gender and number (masculine and singular; neuter and singular, respectively), also a constant sign of animation (animate and inanimate, respectively).

These pronouns act in an interrogative (or exclamatory) function:

Why anxiety gripped this person and not any other? ["Knowledge is power", 2003]

All of them are children of the revolution, even Annensky, who outlived Chekhov by only five years, but what years! ["Star", No. 11, 2002]

and in a relative function, as a conjunctive word in a subordinate clause:

The poem will be published here, in Moscow and Minsk. Don't know, Why In Minsk. That's his business. [Yuri Trifonov. Preliminary results (1970)]

When I was able to come to their concerts, I always went backstage and saw which at those moments they had inspired and happy faces. [AND. A. Arkhipova. Music of Life (1996)]

The first example relates to the question ( why in Minsk?) is a so-called indirect question; the second - with an exclamation ( what inspired and happy faces they had!) is an indirect exclamation.

Pronouns What And which they differ in compatibility in interrogative and relative functions. Inanimate What in a relative function can replace the names of persons:

I'm so sorry for those boys What were shot at the barricades. [LiveJournal Entry (2004)]

Which in the relative function it is the main allied word for subordinate attributives of any semantics, while the interrogative which in modern language it has the semantics of choosing from a limited number of possibilities (and is also used in the stable expression what time is it now? and in intensifying contexts like what year, what time‘far from the first’):

"Mom, your room is ready." ― " which my? "― "The one that has always been yours and, I hope, will always be." [I. Grekova. Turning point (1987)]

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns highlight a fixed element of some set. This semantic class includes units of different morphosyntactic classes:

pronouns-nouns this that;
adjectives such, such, such, such, such, such, such, this, that;
adverbs here, there, here, there, from there, because, therefore, then, therefore, then. so, so, so, so.

Demonstrative pronouns are characterized by a contrast between proximity and distance from the speaker (see above)

Some forms of demonstrative pronouns are fixed in the language as part of phraseological units; in the sub-corps 1990-2005 for pronoun this This until now, until now, to this day, at this time, this time, this second/minute, this moment(and merged from the second half of the 19th century Now[right now] , Wed this very hour):

It was he who forced himself and submitted to his own will, changing all his ardor to get ready for the road this very hour on the promise that he will be released tomorrow. ["October", No. 8, 2001]

this year, out of nowhere, on this score, biblicalisms This mystery is great, the mighty of this world, the little ones; with adverbs - this way and that; this way and that way; here and there; here and there. Ironic use is quite common this:

I'm glad that you this my status is not scary. [Modern correspondence (2003)].

Be that as it may, the actions this organizations really smack of a wide variety of criminality. ["Crime Chronicle", 2003.07.24]

Reciprocal pronouns

reciprocal (or reciprocal) pronouns each other, each other And one another, which do not have a nominative case; mean additions, direct and indirect, mutually directed actions. Synonymous with postfix - Xia in one of the classes of its use (see) .

With the addition of a preposition pronoun each other And each other they look like broken word forms with a preposition inserted inside; this is obligatory with primitive prepositions ( together), optionally with some derivatives ( next to each other And near each other) and is unacceptable for others (* thanks to each other).

NCRC data:

Next to each other 12:1

Against each other 739:3 (two before 1950); for newspaper case 153:7

Each other instead of each other 0:1

Pronoun one another allows the placement of a preposition only in the middle (* against each other, *thanks to each other).

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns ( Who-That, What-That, Who-someday, What-someday, Who-or, What-or, some-Who, some-What, someone, something etc.) indicate that the referent (the object to which the pronoun refers) or its properties are unknown to the participants in the speech situation:

Either science was wrong, or somebody didn’t check it, but made it public as reality, and another myth went around the world (= ‘there was a certain person who didn’t check and make it public, but who exactly is unknown’). ["Knowledge is power", 2003]

Some people I instantly realized how, when two currencies are jumping, you can very quickly swap numbers with icons (= ‘the speaker knows who, but does not say it’). ["Autopilot", 2002.08.15]

Indefinite pronouns are divided on the basis of reference into referential and non-referential.

o referential someone, something, something indicate a specific object that exists in reality (in English terminology - specific indefinite). Further, referential pronouns are divided into two classes based on familiarity or unknown for the speaker:

weakly defined pronouns () ( someone, something in meaning some-, and one) - express the familiarity of an object for the speaker, who does not assume it is known to the listener (specific known); For example, I'll tell you one secret;

pronouns of uncertainty (series on - That) express the unknownness of an object to the speaker (specific unknown), for example, Someone came to you.

o non-referential – either, -either, whatever indicate a non-specific, unfixed object, in English terminology – non-specific indefinite, for example: I need someone to pray to.

Pronouns series Not-: someone, something, some, some

Pronouns someone, someone indicate reference, known to the speaker and unknown to the listener - otherwise they would not be indefinite:

The teacher came to the house someone Kuras, a very good teacher in all subjects, studied with Joseph, and the grandfather himself studied with him, like a simple schoolboy... [Anatoly Rybakov. Heavy Sand (1975-1977)]

And then one morning some a young man in a white robe... so neat... a shirt, a tie with him... a smile... The mood is rosy - after all, it’s not every day that such an accelerator is launched. He has a notebook and a pen - everything is honorable. That means he approaches the remote control... [Andrey Volos. Real estate (2000) // New World, No. 1-2, 2001]

In particular, the pronouns of this series can be used in an introductory function (introducing new characters and circumstances at the beginning of the text, cf. In some kingdom...):

Some a banker once asked M. Twain: “How can we explain that you have so many brains and so little money?!” “You see,” the writer answered, “nature loves balance.” - On average, you and I have the same amount. [Collection of jokes: personalities (1970-2000)]

Pronouns someone, something sometimes they can indicate unknown to the speaker, i.e. used in the meaning of a series pronoun - That:

Encouraged by these clear signs of life, I turn the corner and see something human again: someone in white jumps and kicks with his bare feet into the chest of another in white. [Vasily Aksenov. Round the clock non-stop // “New World”, No. 8, 1976]

Series on - That

Pronouns on - That express referentiality and unknownness to the speaker:

I held my breath and listened. There really was someone in the apartment. - What if these are thieves? [Andrey Gelasimov. Fox Mulder Looks Like a Pig (2001)]

Pronoun on - That can be used in the meaning ‘something’, i.e. not in its main meaning:

- But someone must be in hell too?! - she repeats, nodding good-naturedly at her joke, which she apparently really likes. [Marina Paley. Commemoration (1987)]

Series pronouns - That may also have an introductory function:

Some literate cook from the kitchen ran away to his tavern. [Krylov]

Series on – someday

The meanings of non-referential indefinite pronouns are determined on the basis of certain semantic features and types of context in which the pronouns are used.

Pronouns on someday means that one possibility (alternative) is considered against the background of others (the context of “removed affirmative”: ). Such a background may arise:

(a) in a situation related to the future;

(b) in an alternative situation - including those related to the past or present;

(c) in the context of distributivity.

(a) future

grammatical bud. time:

He will express any objections; We will meet somewhere.

installation for the future, in particular, request:

He wants somewhere go; strives anything learn about you; looking for anything interesting for you; asks anything read.

imperative (not only in the context of the speech act of permission, but also of order):

Tell anything! Sing to us some romance! Bring it to me immediately some chair.

modality of possibility and necessity:

He can/should someone invite; have to someone call; necessary someone invite.

subjunctive mood, optative:

It would be nice if he brought anything eat; I agree anything do it for him.

To anything to do, you need money.

(b) Alternative situation

(un)confidence, conjecture:

I don't think he anything knew about it; I doubt he anything did; They are unlikely somewhere left; Knowingly his anyone invited; It's strange that he anything found; If he anything brought it (yesterday)!

a question, including a rhetorical one; interrogative guess:

Anyone came? Really someone Do you have any doubts that this is so?

disjunction:

He took Masha with him or someone of her friends.

If he anything concealed it, he will pay for it;

epistemic modality:

Anyone could have offended her.

negation in subordinating predication:

I don't think he anything changed.

(c) distributivity

Every someone will bring with him; Every noun phrase denotes some an object. [Paducheva 2007]

Pronouns with negative polarization: – or And whatever it is

Pronouns on - or And whatever it is refer to pronouns with negative polarization. In other words, they gravitate towards a negative context. In some contexts they are interchangeable with negative pronouns:

They haven't met any / whatever /no resistance along the way

I don't intend anything change ≈ b. I don't intend Nothing change

When negating the main clause, only the subordinate clause is used. or or whatever it is, but not a negative pronoun:

It is not known whether this story was ever (*never) finished

Pronouns on - or And whatever it is, unlike negative pronouns, can be used in the context of implicit negation, expressed in the lexical meaning of the word:

the current world is absolutely deprived any / whatever moral prejudices

Like other negatively polarized words (see Haspelmath 1997), pronouns in - or And whatever it is are also possible in the context of a conditional sentence and an equivalent gerund, in the context of a higher universality and some others:

Deciding any / whatever a particular task, we need to think about the language as a whole.

Albanian extremists seek to destroy everything that Kosovo and Metohija has whatever Serbian signs.

Semantic map of indefinite pronouns

By superimposing the semantic features of pronouns on types of contexts, indefinite pronouns can be represented in the form of a semantic map (the idea of ​​a semantic map and a map for Russian pronouns was proposed by M. Haspelmath). A semantic map is a semantic network of “functions” that specifies the meaning or contexts of use of indefinite pronouns. These functions are as follows:

• referentiality, knowledge to the speaker (specific known): pronouns on something, someone, someone:

So what should we do? - He grinned. - You have to be objective. Only the Pope is infallible, and only in this someone doubts! Eh, Hans? [YU. O. Dombrovsky. The monkey comes for his skull. Prologue (1943-1958)]

But if somebody thinks that Mikhail Nikolaevich Rumyantsev (Karandash) was a teetotaler, he is very mistaken... [I. E. Keogh. Illusions without illusions (1995-1999)]

This is all because someone The doors are too narrow! - No, this is all because somebody eats too much! [Winnie the Pooh and everything, everything, everything, trans. B. Zakhodera (1960)]

• referentiality, unknown to the speaker (specific unknown): pronouns in - That, someone, something:

I held my breath and listened. The apartment really somebody was. - What if these are thieves? [Andrey Gelasimov. Fox Mulder Looks Like a Pig (2001)]

• non-referentiality in unreal predications (irrealis non-specific, cf. “existential noun groups” [Paducheva 1985: 94-95]): pronouns in - That, -someday:
  

  -That also used in the meaning - someday:

  But someone must be in hell too?! - she repeats, nodding good-naturedly at her joke, which she apparently really likes. [Marina Paley. Commemoration (1987)]

Some will say that the good thing about any sport is that it cannot be predicted, but this idea is good for the fans. [Izvestia, 2002.12.22]

- Is there anyone here? - There is no one, don’t be afraid. [Alexey Varlamov. Kupavna // New World, No. 11-12, 2000]

The brothers did not let her out of their sight, because if they liked the girl, someone would want to steal her, and definitely someone with whom the girl’s family did not want to be related. [Fazil Iskander. Word (1980-1990)]

• non-referentiality in general questions: pronouns in - someday, -That:

- Maybe someone wants to add? - I ask, although I know that there is nothing to add. [Bulat Okudzhava. Brand New (1962)]

You got married? - No. - Do you have someone? - No. - So you definitely don’t want to meet me? Think carefully. [AND. Grekova. Fracture (1987)]

In a general question there may be a semantic difference between -That And -somehow-pronouns: Do you have someone?– assumption, i.e. referentiality, and Do you have anyone?– real question, non-referential.

• in a conditional sentence: pronouns ending in - That, -someday, -or. The context of the conditional allows, but does not require, non-referentiality. Referential pronoun - That can appear in non-referential use:

And if somebody If he decides to break it, let him first think carefully about what the consequences might be. ["Results", 2003.03.04]

If anyone will say that I received a higher education - spit on this person. [A. N. Tolstoy. Black Friday (1924)]

You must immediately report to the presiding officer if anyone I tried to discuss a criminal case with you. [The ice has broken (2003) // “Newspaper”, 2003.07.02]

• non-referentiality with indirect negation, pronouns in - or, whatever it is:

To be honest, I don't think anyone could have done a better job that day. ["Formula", 2001.04.15]

Do not use any powders to clean the refrigerator. [Refrigerator Instructions (1980)]

Various concessions were made, anti-Jewish speeches, discrimination, and any racist antics were prohibited. [Daniil Granin. Bison (1987)]

These rights consist in the fact that foreigners can, without any restrictions, buy land, natural resources, media, in short, any national property. ["Our Contemporary", 2004.10.15]

But I doubt that anyone, even a specialist, could explain this. [G. A. Gazdanov. Awakening (1966)]

• comparative: pronouns ending in - or, whatever it is, attributive pronoun any:

He wondered to himself - how could he think so about poetry when everything had already been decided, and he knew it very well, better than anyone? [IN. T. Shalamov. Kolyma stories (1954-1961)]

Surprisingly, he managed to do it faster than anyone expected. [Daniil Granin. Bison (1987)]

Music, better than anything else, expresses the personal experience and individuality of each person. [Izvestia, 2002.06.27]

When something doesn't work out, you criticize yourself more harshly than any critic. [Yuri Bashmet. Dream Station (2003)]

• direct negation, negative pronouns with neither-:

No one will ever know the whole truth. [Izvestia, 2003.02.12]

• free-choice meaning, attributive pronoun any:

Just wait until June and go to Ryazan, to Kalyaev Street - anyone there will show it. ["Martial Art of the Planet", 2003.10.18]

There it is generally unthinkable that in response to “you” anyone (except teachers) could say “you”: this is extreme bad manners. [AND. M. Dyakonov. Book of Memories. Chapter Three (1926-1928) (1995)]

Semantic map of Russian indefinite pronouns

Interrogative pronouns as indefinites

In certain contexts, the indefinite formant may be omitted. Wed. the use of indefinite pronouns in conditional clauses and indirect questions (see):

Conditional sentences:

If something good comes of it, we will only be glad." ["Newspaper", 2003.06.20]

- And if someone comes, light the green lamp. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Lady Macbeth (1970)]

Indirect question:

I thought and thought and finally called to ask if I needed anything. [Vera Belousova. Second Shot (2000)]

Out of the corner of my eye, I tried to see if anyone was nearby the car. [Andrey Gelasimov. You Can (2001)]

Indefinite pronominal expressions

In addition to the indicated traditional, or “serial” pronouns, the following are included in the category of indefinite pronouns:

(a) reduplicated pronouns like who-who, where-where:

Of course, this was not so: for anyone, but Chekhov only had to look around to find material for stories. ["Our Contemporary", 2004.07.15]

Who knows, he couldn’t help but know. ["US Herald", 2003.10.01]

- Well, I think you, as intelligence officers, are going somewhere, but you will be able to penetrate the Literary Fund. [Vladimir Voinovich. Case No. 34840 (1999)]

(b) series based on demonstrative pronouns with formant - That (there, such and such, because of that…)

What, the father himself told someone: “Then and then they will make an attempt on my life, but they will not kill me, so you will come and sort it out”? [Vera Belousova. Second Shot (2000)]

But was any conversation specifically named? Any phrases, jokes, jokes? Specifically, specifically. Then and there. - No specifically. - And Clara told you all this when you were waiting for me on the bench today. It's clear. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of Unnecessary Things, Part 1 (1978)]

All stories have been published many times. So-and-so wrote about them, they were approved by such and such. Essentially, this is quite enough for the editor. ["October", No. 8, 2001]

(c) some words of other parts of speech and combinations that perform the function of indefinite reference: for example, the numeral one; adjectives definite; famous,type combinations one or the other.

(d) pronominal units with a prepositive component, “amalgams” (based on Lakoff’s terminology) - pronominal constructions based on slusing, dunno-type according to Haspelmath):

I don’t know when, I don’t know who, God knows why, (it’s not) clear what, I don’t remember how, (you) understand why, it doesn’t matter where...

(e) pronominal units with a postpositive component, “quasi-relatives” - pronominal series based on vertexless relative clauses:

whatever you want, anywhere, anyone, as it turns out...

more details

Scheme 2. Semantic map of Russian indefinite pronouns and pronominal expressions

Negative pronouns,

Negative pronouns indicate the absence of a referent: nobody, nothing,no one, no, none, not at all, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, never, in any way, at all, predicative pronouns no one, nothing, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, no time, no need

Normatively in constructions of the form none other (other) than... none other (other) than... a separately written particle appears Not, in the absence of a union How- negative pronouns written together ( only you and no one else). However, in real texts, including literary ones, spelling variability is presented at this point:

Negative pronouns on neither- require a “double negative” - a particle appears at the verb Not:

What I'll do now no one should offend or offend. [Evgeny Grishkovets. Simultaneously (2004)]

However, in a number of contexts one denial appears:

You came to Russia from nowhere[A. A. Akhmatova, Poem without a hero]

He who was nothing will become everything[translation of “The International” by A. Kots; French in the original requires a double negative - nous ne sommes rien, soyons tout]

Predicative pronouns on Not- do not require a second negation:

Then I just felt bad for him nowhere to go. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Guardian of Antiquities, Part 1 (1964)]

She understood: dissatisfaction won't go anywhere, but, on the contrary, will accumulate. ["New World", No. 9, 2002]

Determinative pronominal words

The following three classes are traditionally grouped under the name “qualifying pronominal words.” Semantically they are quite heterogeneous.

Universal pronouns

Universal pronouns are quantifier words of two types:

* Pronouns indicating the entire set: all, everything, everything, every way, in every possible way, in every way, everywhere, everywhere, from everywhere

Use of pronouns like All indicates that the selected subset, which has a certain attribute, coincides with the entire set:

AND All these photographs, in which she is so beautiful, will become not just photographs, but... as it were, documents..., or... documentary evidence... of the last century. [Evgeny Grishkovets. Simultaneously (2004)].

Pronouns indicating an arbitrary object of a set: everyone, everyone, anyone, as well as a series of pronouns on whatever: any, anything, anyone's.

Uses of pronouns like any indicates the selection of an arbitrary element from a set, each of which has the property of interest:

Please contribute to any of these international charities that are truly helping victims around the world, as well as accepting contributions to help people affected by the earthquake and tsunami in Asia. [Electronic Announcement (2005)]

* General pronouns having both uses: Always And everywhere:

Ivan Nikolaevich Always[=every time] finds this inhabitant of the mansion in the same dreamy pose, with his gaze turned to the moon. [M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita, part 2 (1929-1940)]

Moreover, it will not take much time, and everything you need - gel, curlers and hair dryer - Always present in the arsenal of a modern fashionista. ["Dasha", No. 10, 2004]

Emphasizing polysemantic words:

Pronouns most, himself have the meaning of ‘independence’ ( he came here himself - without the help of crutches) and ‘meaningful personal involvement’ ( he came here himself- and didn’t send someone), ‘limit’ ( until the end), ‘identities’ ( the same one).

In a number of contexts they have the semantics ‘main part’:

I also like IvRoshevsky gel, but only one, transparent packaging, green cap, white itself. [Beauty, health, relaxation: Cosmetics and perfume (forum) (2004)]

Combined with an adjective most forms an analytical superlative:

They bent their fingers - they say, we are the coolest, give us politics - to be rich like Khloponin, famous like Lebed, economical like Pimashkov, and even cheerful like Zhirinovsky.” [Izvestia, 2002.10.01]

Myself strengthens reflexive pronouns:

Here is a holiday of fundamental principles, to which a person alienated from himself returns. [Recipes of national cuisines: France (2000-2005)]

Words meaning 'other':

different, different, differently, differently, differently.

Possessive pronouns

Sometimes, as a special class, possessive pronouns of different grammatical categories corresponding to personal ( my, yours, ours, yours), returnable ( mine) and interrogative-relative ( whose). From them, in turn, pronominal adverbs are formed ( in my opinion, in your opinion...).

How possessive pronouns function historical genitive forms of personal pronouns his, her, theirs, analyzed in the NCRY as indeclinable pronouns-adjectives. Non-normative (dialectal or colloquial) pronouns-adjectives are currently widespread and widely represented in the NCRY. his(spelled also as evo(y)), hers, hers and especially theirs, which is also found in the author’s literary speech until the first half of the 20th century:

This people is divided into 3 parts, in their own way hundreds are called: Big, Middle and Small, and each has its own khan. [IN. N. Tatishchev. Russian history. Ch. 13-18 (1739-1750)]

But, it’s true, she immediately imagined that he was going to other rooms, since theirs there was a checkpoint. [F. M. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment (1866)].

The corresponding pronominal adverbs are stylistically marked as colloquial and have the form according to him, according to her(sometimes written with a hyphen):

I immediately push Kirill into the conversation, asking Kesha what, according to him, better: humanity, squeezed into a shelter populated by writers - or, figuratively speaking, desolation and ice? [Anatoly Naiman. Love Interest (1998-1999)]

And this cannot be, because a socialist cannot even imagine how one can voluntarily give oneself for everyone, according to him, this is immoral. [F. M. Dostoevsky. Notebooks (1850-1881)]

Academic grammars (1980, 1989) classify possessive adjectives according to the semantic categories to which they relate. Mine, yours, ours, yours, his, in my opinion etc. are considered personal, mine And in my own way- to return

Classification of semantic categories of adjectives based on the principle of deixis, anaphora and reference status

Statistics

Morphosyntactic subclasses

When analyzing the data, it should be taken into account that the markup of the NKRY is based on the Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language (where only PRAEDICPRO includes no one And nothing) and a list of pronominal adverbs from Ozhegov’s dictionary. In addition, the mark PRAEDICPRO is present only in the subcorpus with the homonymy removed (however, due to the low frequency of these words, this is not indicative).

When comparing the frequency of pronouns per unit of text in the entire corpus and in the corpus with homonymy removed, the percentages predictably decrease due to the elimination of homonyms (note that in the corpus with homonymy not removed, at certain points the sum of percentages for all parts of speech is, of course, above 100%) . At the same time, the distribution of pronominal words by morphosyntactic subclasses shows statistical stability: about half of the pronominal words are pronouns-nouns, about a third are pronominal adjectives, the rest are pronominal adverbs.

This order of frequency coincides with the frequency of words of the corresponding significant parts of speech, but it is noteworthy that all three “large” morphosyntactic classes, including both significant parts of speech and the corresponding class of pronominal words, have different “pronominal potential”. This is the ratio of pronominal words in a given morphosyntactic class to its total volume. The classes for significant parts of speech are constructed as follows: substantives (nouns), adjectives (adjectives, except short and comparatives, non-short participles, ordinal numbers), adverbials (adverbs and gerunds). Despite the fact that in general noun pronouns, as we have seen, are much more frequent than pronouns of other classes, for adjectives and adverbials the pronominal indicator is one and a half to two times higher than for substantives, in other words, the attribute and circumstance are one and a half to two times more often expressed by a pronominal word than an actant . Moreover, these data demonstrate statistical stability, as can be seen from a comparison of data for the entire main corpus and the corpus with homonymy removed, except that the indicators for adjectives in the corpus with homonymy removed are somewhat lower (due to the elimination of high-frequency substantivized pronominal adjectives like then, this, everything, which are classified in the corpus with removed homonymy as pronouns-nouns).

When comparing the above data with the data of the oral corpus, it should be taken into account that the texts of the oral corpus with homonymy removed are currently not available for search. Nevertheless, these data are already sufficient to conclude that the frequency of pronominal words in oral speech differs significantly from that in written speech.

First, the frequency rates per unit of text are significantly higher for pronoun-nouns and pronominal adverbs (and to a much lesser extent for pronominal adjectives); it is natural to associate this with the dialogical and deictic nature of oral speech, with the widespread use of personal pronouns and other means of deixis; the role of pronominal words is noticeable among discourse markers that connect oral speech and are normally omitted in written texts (including pauses of hesitation: like this, this, all this, that is). Secondly, completely different absolute indicators compared to the statistically very stable data of written texts are given by the “pronominal potential” of large syntactic classes. For all three classes it is much higher than in written texts, but here the differences with written language, on the contrary, are strongest for pronominal adjectives, which for the first time receive an absolute majority in their syntactic class: 60% of adjectives in the corpus are represented by pronominal words. Moreover, the ratio of these indicators to each other is close to the data of written texts of the main corpus (which indicates the general linguistic nature of these relationships themselves) - for adjectives it is twice as high as for substantives, and for adverbials it is also noticeably higher, although to a lesser extent. These data can be explained both by the mentioned deicticism and dialogical nature of oral speech, and, for adjectives, by the low frequency of participles in the full form.

The similarity between written and oral texts, and, therefore, a general linguistic pattern should be seen in the distribution of pronominal words into syntactic subclasses; in essence these are the same numbers (about half of nouns, about a third of adjectives, about a fifth of adverbs).

Semantic subclasses

The calculation by semantic subclasses was carried out according to the semantic marking of pronouns, where possessive pronouns are distinguished as a separate class.

The sum for the subcorpus with removed homonymy differs slightly from the sum for morphosyntactic categories; this is due both to unsolved polysemy in semantic markings and ambiguous points in morphological markings, where homonymy is not cleared up. This fact has no statistical significance.

General linguistic patterns include the high frequency of three classes - personal, demonstrative and interrogative-relative pronouns (in that order); more often the language resorts to pronominal expressions of deixis and anaphora, less often - the status of reference.

The distribution by type of pronouns in written texts with and without homonymy is essentially the same. Noteworthy is the statistically significant difference - almost twofold - for interrogative relative pronouns, which are much more common in the corpus with unsolved homonymy. Apparently, this is due to the genre distribution of texts in both samples; the question needs additional research. According to this parameter, the main corpus as a whole, in contrast to the subcorpus with the homonymy removed, is closer to the corpus of oral texts; Apparently, this meaning is closer to the general linguistic one.

When comparing data from written texts with data from a corpus of oral texts, a number of discrepancies are discovered. The most noticeable of them is that demonstrative pronouns are used much more often; Deixis characteristic of colloquial speech and indicators of text coherence play a role in this. Dialogism and a large number of interrogative sentences are apparently associated with a high rate of interrogative-relative pronouns (distinguishing oral texts from at least some written texts included in the subcorpus with unsolved homonymy). At the same time, the proportion of personal pronouns, also predominantly deictic, is generally the same as in the written text. The increase in the share of demonstrative pronouns is due to the decrease in attributive and indefinite pronouns; Thus, the logical qualification of reference statuses like all, any, every, some, any etc. turns out to be somewhat more characteristic of written speech.

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