Learning the Russian language begins for you and me from the first grade of secondary school and never ends. Almost every person (regardless of his level of literacy) quite often experiences embarrassing and dubious situations when he does not know or is not sure whether he wrote the word correctly, put a punctuation mark, whether all the stress is in place in his spoken speech, etc. This is absolutely normal.
In contrast to our general “doubt” about our own knowledge of our native language, it is worth noting that we do not know any science as well as language. Do the same number of people doubt their knowledge of geography or physics every day? And this does not happen because everyone has only excellent grades in these school disciplines. The fact is that language is the same mobile creature as we ourselves: it develops, is updated and requires the repetition of mandatory norms that we have forgotten.
One of the most difficult norms for our memorization is the norm of control in language. Let us dwell in some detail on our own mistakes in this area and correct them, and we will help school graduates with at least one task in the Unified State Examination test.
This example of frequent doubt needs to be resolved once and for all. Some argue that the first option is considered correct, others strongly support the second, and there are also those who think about the double standard of language. Doubt about how to say “according to the agreement” or “agreement” is removed by knowledge of the rules of the Russian language.
First of all, you need to remember the school rule (look for it on the pages of the Russian language textbook for grade 3). Many people are confused by the great Russian literature of the 18th century, in which the ending “a” was accepted. This rule has long lost its force, and has left confusion (according to the agreement or the treaty?).
The dative case is required by the prepositions “thanks to”, “despite”, “after”, “to”, “towards”, “contrary”, “like”, “towards”, “according to”, “accordingly”, “proportionately” and etc.
The word "contract" has the following characteristics:
Therefore, this word is declined according to the 2nd declension table.
Nominative: (what?) contract.
Genitive: (what?) contract.
Dative: (to what?) agreement.
Accusative: (what?) agreement.
Creative: (by what?) by agreement.
Prepositional: (about what?) about an agreement.
So, the one we are interested in has the ending “y”.
There are still doubts about how to write: “according to the agreement” or “agreement”? There are no border options. There is only one correct answer.
Check the table of the second declension in the textbook for 3rd grade in the Russian language. According to agreement or agreement? The correct option is with the ending "y".
But this is not all the difficulties with this same noun and its management.
Almost no one is mistaken in the phrase “conclude an agreement”.
Difficulties arise most often with the plural of this noun.
According to the rule of the Russian language, the combination of a verb and a noun when controlling requires the accusative case. This is clearly clear even from the single number of the example given. All that remains is to find out the correct accusative plural form of this word and clearly understand how to say - “conclude agreements” or “agreements”.
All masculine words ending in P in the accusative plural have the ending "ы"/"и".
Be careful not to make ridiculous mistakes in words like: “contracts”, “tractors”, “elections”, “locksmiths”, etc.
This is not all the difficulties that one has to overcome with these very “agreements” in one’s speech.
We've sorted out the controls, now let's move on to word forms.
And here, of course, a dilemma immediately arises: “agreements” or “agreements” - which is correct?
The statement that both options are acceptable and that at some level of jargon this norm is acceptable is absolutely untrue.
Open any dictionary (explanatory, spelling - it doesn’t matter), find the dictionary entry dedicated to the contract. Immediately after the singular form there is a note in parentheses: “plural, -s”. This note is limited to this. And it means that there can only be an ending “-s”.
Thus, do not doubt how to write and say “conclude employment contracts” or “contracts”. The only correct option: “contracts”.
After such a detailed analysis, there simply shouldn’t be any difficulties with the word “agreement,” but it’s still worth checking yourself.
Are all the answers the same? Then there are no more questions about the contracts? What about the emphasis?
For many centuries, dictionaries have allowed only one pronunciation option: stress on the last syllable in the singular form and on the penultimate syllable in the plural form. That is, correctly: agreement and agreements. It always turns out to be the last O.
You may have seen more than once in writing or in speech different cases of nouns and pronouns after the word “ according to" Some people say and write "according to agreement"(to what - dative case), and others - "according to agreement"(what - genitive case).
So how do you actually speak and write correctly? According to "who?" or according to “what?” In what case should the word following “according” be put?
Correctly speak and write “according to what”
That is, you need to use the dative case.
Examples: according to the letter, schedule, law, rules, plan, list, decision, requirements.
Alas, now there are a lot of syntactic errors, which consist in using a word in the genitive case after the derived preposition “according”, for example, “I agree with the assignment” - it’s wrong to say and write like that! This violates the syntactic norms of the Russian language. The construction “according to what” was used about two hundred years ago, but now it is morally and physically outdated.
It is worth noting that now there is “clerical jargon” in which the construction “according to what” is used. This is naturally wrong, but it is useless to argue with people who write and say this.
1. Which is correct: according to the order, agreement, instruction or according to the order, agreement, instruction?
Right: according to the order, contract, regulation, staffing table, etc.
Preposition "according to" in modern Russian requires the DATIVE case. That's right: according to WHAT, not what. Already in the 19th century, the construction according to what, that is, with the genitive case, was regarded as a characteristic feature of official business, clerical speech. And in the modern Russian literary language it is not normative for the official business style. Now the only correct thing is: according to which, that is, with the dative case.
2. Which syllable is stressed in the word calling?
The emphasis falls on the ending in all forms: ringing AND t, ringing AND m, ringing AND sew, ring I t, the same in prefixed verbs: call AND t, call AND msya, call back I etc.
3. Which is correct: in the city of Moscow or in the city of Moscow?
Right: in the city of Moscow.
The rule is this: a geographical name used with the generic names city, village, station, settlement, river, etc., acting as an appendix, is consistent with the word being defined, that is, it declines if the toponym is of Russian, Slavic origin or is a long-borrowed and mastered Name. That's right: in the city of Moscow, in St. Petersburg, in the city of Vladivostok.
The custom of not declining geographical names has taken root in the professional speech of military men and topographers and, under the influence of this professional terminological language, has become widespread in modern speech, but it cannot be considered the norm.
For details on the declension of geographical names, see.
4. Which is correct: in Ukraine or in Ukraine?
Literary norm of the modern Russian language: in Ukraine, from Ukraine.
In 1993, at the request of the Government of Ukraine, options to Ukraine (in Ukraine) and, accordingly, from Ukraine should have been recognized as normative. Thus, in the opinion of the Ukrainian Government, the unsatisfactory etymological connection of the constructions between Ukraine and the outskirts was broken. Ukraine with the preposition in received, in the opinion of the Government of Ukraine, linguistic confirmation of its status as a sovereign state, since the names of states are formalized in the Russian tradition using the prepositions in (in) and from.
However, the literary norm of the Russian language, according to which one should speak and write in Ukraine, is the result of the historical development of the language over several centuries. The compatibility of the prepositions in and on with certain words is explained solely by tradition. Wed: at school, at the institute, in the pharmacy, in the department, but: at the factory, at the post office, at the resort, in the warehouse, etc. The literary norm cannot change overnight due to any political processes.
5. Which is correct: agreement or agreement? How to put emphasis on the plural?
Literary norm: dogov ABOUT r, dogov ABOUT ry. However, some dictionaries already recognize as acceptable (but only in casual oral speech!) the variant agreement, agreement. Here is what K. S. Gorbachevich, author of the “Dictionary of Difficulties of Pronunciation and Stress in the Modern Russian Language” writes:
Now it is still difficult to say with certainty whether over time the emphasis on agreement will become as normative and aesthetically acceptable as agreement. There are prerequisites for this. Not only part of the intelligentsia, but also some modern famous poets use the contract variant: “But don’t be scared. I will not break our agreement, There will be no tears, no questions, not even reproach” (O. Bergholz, Nothing will return...). In the book “Alive as Life,” K. Chukovsky predicted that the variants of agreement, contractA would become the norm of the literary language in the future.
6. What letter is the word president written with? How are job titles written?
The names of the highest government positions and titles (President of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, etc.) in official texts are written in capital letters, for example: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin .
However, in unofficial use (for example, in the text of a newspaper article), these words are written with a lowercase letter, for example: the President of Russia signed a decree, the Prime Minister criticized deputies, the Prosecutor General brought charges, etc.
The title of the position of minister is written with a lowercase letter.
Job titles such as CEO, company president, department head, etc. are also written with a lowercase letter.
7. Which syllable is stressed in the word money?
Literary norm: money A m, money A mi, oh money A X. The option for money, money, about money in dictionaries is considered acceptable, but outdated.
The emphasis on the first syllable is retained in the saying Money does not buy happiness, as well as in the title of A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “Mad Money”: in “Mad Money” by A. Ostrovsky.
8. Which is correct: I miss you or I miss you?
Both options are possible, but for now the preferred option is I miss you.
Missing (as well as being sad, yearning, etc.) for you is the old norm; for you - new. Previous linguistic publications recommended as normative only to miss you, to miss us. Today these options compete, which is reflected in reference books. Thus, “Russian Grammar” (M., 1980) considers the forms miss you and miss you as variable.
In the reference book by D. E. Rosenthal “Management in the Russian Language” it is indicated that with nouns and 3rd person pronouns it is correct: to miss someone or something, for example: to miss your son, to miss him. But with personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person plural. numbers are correct: miss someone, for example: missed us, miss you.
But the option of missing someone, which is also asked quite often, is not normative and goes beyond the scope of the Russian literary language.
9. What do the words glamorous, creative, brutal mean?
Glamor - from English. glamor - 'charm, charm'; 'romantic halo'; 'enchantment, magic', (colloquial) 'luxury, chic'. Glamorous - outwardly attractive, possessing external brilliance, brilliant.
Creative - creative, constructive. In addition, the word creative has the following shades of meaning: non-standard, non-banal, fresh, talented.
Brutal (from the French brutal< лат. brutalis) - грубый, жестокий.
10. What type of noun is invoice? How to inflect this word?
Invoice is a masculine noun. Correct: an invoice has been issued, an invoice has been received, etc. When declension, both parts of this word change:
Invoice invoice
invoices invoices
invoice invoices
invoice invoice
invoice invoices
about invoices about invoices
More than 200 years ago it was correct to write and say this: according to the contract, according to the order, according to the court decision. But already in the 19th century, the genitive case in such phrases was considered clerical and was used mainly in official business speech Which is correct: according to what or according to what?.
Now the genitive case is prohibited. Pretext according to used with words in the dative case: according to the letter, according to the contract, according to opinion. This is recorded in the dictionary D. E. Rosenthal. Management in Russian Rosenthal "Management in the Russian language."
Moreover, the norm is also relevant for official business style. So, if you see in laws, orders or reports according to which, know: this is a mistake.
By the way, there is another option in Rosenthal’s dictionary: according to what, but it is less common.
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